Chapter 21: Social Change 
 
Change is everywhere, nothing the same; don't always recognize it, and
      a) resist change
      b) resist forces of change
      c) Don't recognize forces of change
 
In your lifetime: WHAT HAS CHANGED? 

   a) computer tech
   b) laser tech
   c) Space-age tech
   d) war tech
 
 
SOURCES OF SOCIAL CHANGE
 
Whatever theoretical perspective, all agree that many factors contribute
to change:

PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT (recall Naomi's lecture). Env changes lead to 
dramatic changes:
  a) Weather (agric)
  b) pollution

Population (resources, space,etc)

Science/Tech

Ideology/norms/values

We may agree on factors, but INTERPRETING THEM (that is, providing an
EXPLANATION) differs:

EVOLUTIONARY PERSPECTIVES:
    a) natural progession
    b) "Telos" that pulls us along (Darwin)

CYCLICAL PERSPECTIVES:

  re-occuring waxing and waning, "history repeats," (associated with
  Spengler and Toynbee)--societies pass through same stages as
  individuals.

FUNCTIONALISM:

  (biotic metaphor) societies tend toward equilibrium (stability).
  One source of change (from Ogburn) occurs through CULTURAL LAG:
  Non-material culture (see handout fr chpt 2) is continually catching
  up with MATERIAL CULTURE, and provides one (but not the only) source
  of change.

CONFLICT PERSPECTIVES: (SEE EARLIER HANDOUT ON THEORIES):

 a) every society is always changing
 b) every society is always experiencing social conflict
 c) All elements in a society contribute to change
 d) All societies require constraints on members
 
Marxian view of change is CLASS STRUGGLE

SOCIAL CHANGE IN OTHER SOCIETIES

Do all societies experience change the same way? Theorists don't think so

Two Key theories:

MODERNIZATION THEORY: Momentum for growth occurs internally and are enhanced
by things like increases in ed, good economy, etc.

WORLD SYSTEMS THEORY: View that countries are a POLITICAL COMMUNITY,
with CORE countries, SEMI-PERIPHERAL countries and PERIPHERAL countries
These are STRATIFIED--peripheral countries are exploited, core countries do
exploiting. Markets, economies, politics, etc, are intertwined.

WHAT ARE SOME CONCRETE FEATURES OF SOCIAL CHANGE?
 
                        Chapter 22 - Collective Behavior

COLLECTIVE BEHAVIOR

  a) Rumors
  b) Fashions, fads and crazes
  c) Mass hysteria
  d) Panic
  e) Crowds (casual, conventinoal, expressive acting)

EXPLANATIONS FOR MASS BEHAVIOR

  a) Converenge theory (same ideas come together)
  b) Contagion Theory (ideas are "catching")
  c) Emergent norm theory (stresses many differences)
 
SOCIAL MOVEMENTS

  a) Reform movements
  b) Resistance movements
  c) Expressive movements
  d) Revolutionary movements
  e) Terrorist movements
 
"CAUSES" of social movements

  a) Deprivation theories
  b) Resource mobilization theories

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